Western hemlock

Western hemlock and amabilis fir are nearly identical in appearance and physical properties so they are commonly sold and shipped together under the name hem-fir. Trees of both species are shade-tolerant and prune themselves as they grow to produce a tall, branch-free trunk. In dense stands they may have a clear stem for three-quarters of their height, a natural growth characteristic that produces large amounts of clear and factory lumber from the log.

Western hemlock is used for general construction, roof decking and plywood, as well as for laminating stock and the production of glue-laminated and solid beams. Compared to other species, its strength and stiffness make it a preferred material for use in horizontal components and longer spans. Hemlock timbers are often treated for railway ties.

Western hemlock’s excellent working properties make it the first choice for mouldings and interior woodworking. It is widely used in joints, veneered interior panelling, furniture, doors, floors and windows, and is also used for pulp and newsprint.

Indigenous Peoples carve hemlock to make spoons, combs, roasting spits and other implements. Hemlock roots are sometimes spliced into bull kelp dishing lines to strengthen them. Hemlock bark is rich in tannin and is used as a stain to treat wood and a dye to colour wool and other textiles.

Western hemlock has a relatively good strength-to-weight ratio and is known for its working properties. The wood requires special care when drying but yields a quality product. Its even density provides for excellent machining properties. It turns, planes and shapes well and can be sanded to a smooth finish.

Western hemlock is non-resinous and takes any stains or finishes extremely well. It sands smoothly, glues easily and has a high nail and screw holding ability.

Western hemlock is commonly sold and shipped together with amabilis fir under the commercial designation hem-fir (also often referred to as hem-bal). Hem-fir is primarily available as structural lumber for North America, Japan and other export markets.

In North America, structural grades are in accordance with the National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA) rules for dimension lumber. Select Structural, #2 and better, and stud grades are the most common grades produced for North America, with squares being the most common Japanese product. Specialty in-house grades, lamstock and export grades such as E-120 for Japan are also marketed.

Appearance grades are produced according to NLGA rules. The most common are clears, shop lumber and moulding stock, although many potential appearance grades can be produced.

Western hemlock lumber is dried according to end-use and customer specifications. Kiln drying inhibits natural staining of the wood, improves its strength and stiffness, enhances its appearance, and increases its resistance to decay and attack by insects.